Περίληψη
Τὴν ὑπογραφὴ τοῦ ἑνωτικοῦ ὅρου τῆς συνόδου Φερράρας-Φλωρεντίας, ποὺ πραγματοποιήθηκε στὶς 5 Ἰουλίου τοῦ 1439, καὶ τὸν ὁποῖο ὑπέγραψαν κληρικοὶ τῆς ἀνατολικῆς καὶ δυτικῆς ἐκκλησίας, καὶ ὁ αὐτοκράτωρ Ἰωάννης Η΄ Παλαιολόγος, ἀκολούθησαν πολλὰ καὶ ἰδιαιτέρως σημαντικὰ γεγονότα ποὺ ἐπηρέασαν τὴν ζωὴ καὶ τὴν πορεία τοῦ Βυζαντίου καὶ τῆς Δύσεως στὸν ἱστορικό, κοινωνικό, πολιτικὸ καὶ ἐκκλησιαστικὸ τομέα. Ἡ περιγραφή, μελέτη καὶ ἀξιολόγηση τῶν σημαντικῶν αὐτῶν γεγονότων ποὺ ἀρχίζουν ἀπὸ τὴν ἑπομένη τῆς ὑπογραφῆς τοῦ ὅρου καὶ ἐκτείνονται μέχρι τὴν σύγκληση τῆς Πανορθοδόξου συνόδου τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (1483-1484), κατὰ τὴν ὁποία καταργήθηκε ἐπισήμως ἀπὸ τὴν ὀρθόδοξη ἐκκλησία ἡ ἕνωση, ἀποτελεῖ τὸ ἀντικείμενο τῆς παρούσης διατριβῆς.Τὰ γεγονότα αὐτὰ ἐξετάζονται κυρίως ἐπὶ τῇ βάσει τοῦ συνόλου τῶν ἀφορώντων σὲ αὐτὰ βυζαντινῶν κειμένων ὡς ἄμεσων πηγῶν, οἱ ὁποῖες ἀντιμετωπίζονται κριτικῶς ἀπὸ φιλολογικῆς, ἱστορικῆς ἀλλά, ἐν μέρει, καὶ θεολογικῆς σκοπιᾶς. Ἐξίσου κριτικῶς ἀντιμετωπίζεται ἡ μεταγενέστε ...
Τὴν ὑπογραφὴ τοῦ ἑνωτικοῦ ὅρου τῆς συνόδου Φερράρας-Φλωρεντίας, ποὺ πραγματοποιήθηκε στὶς 5 Ἰουλίου τοῦ 1439, καὶ τὸν ὁποῖο ὑπέγραψαν κληρικοὶ τῆς ἀνατολικῆς καὶ δυτικῆς ἐκκλησίας, καὶ ὁ αὐτοκράτωρ Ἰωάννης Η΄ Παλαιολόγος, ἀκολούθησαν πολλὰ καὶ ἰδιαιτέρως σημαντικὰ γεγονότα ποὺ ἐπηρέασαν τὴν ζωὴ καὶ τὴν πορεία τοῦ Βυζαντίου καὶ τῆς Δύσεως στὸν ἱστορικό, κοινωνικό, πολιτικὸ καὶ ἐκκλησιαστικὸ τομέα. Ἡ περιγραφή, μελέτη καὶ ἀξιολόγηση τῶν σημαντικῶν αὐτῶν γεγονότων ποὺ ἀρχίζουν ἀπὸ τὴν ἑπομένη τῆς ὑπογραφῆς τοῦ ὅρου καὶ ἐκτείνονται μέχρι τὴν σύγκληση τῆς Πανορθοδόξου συνόδου τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (1483-1484), κατὰ τὴν ὁποία καταργήθηκε ἐπισήμως ἀπὸ τὴν ὀρθόδοξη ἐκκλησία ἡ ἕνωση, ἀποτελεῖ τὸ ἀντικείμενο τῆς παρούσης διατριβῆς.Τὰ γεγονότα αὐτὰ ἐξετάζονται κυρίως ἐπὶ τῇ βάσει τοῦ συνόλου τῶν ἀφορώντων σὲ αὐτὰ βυζαντινῶν κειμένων ὡς ἄμεσων πηγῶν, οἱ ὁποῖες ἀντιμετωπίζονται κριτικῶς ἀπὸ φιλολογικῆς, ἱστορικῆς ἀλλά, ἐν μέρει, καὶ θεολογικῆς σκοπιᾶς. Ἐξίσου κριτικῶς ἀντιμετωπίζεται ἡ μεταγενέστερη διεθνὴς βιβλιογραφία ἐπὶ τοῦ θέματος μὲ σκοπὸ τὴν ἀποκατάσταση τῆς ἱστορικῆς ἀλήθειας, τὸν φωτισμὸ σκοτεινῶν σημείων σὲ αὐτὴ καὶ τὴν ὀρθὴ ἀντιμετώπιση πολιτικῶν καὶ ἐκκλησιαστικῶν ἡγετῶν, ὅπως τῶν Ἰωάννη Η΄ Παλαιολόγου καὶ Κωνσταντίνου ΙΑ΄, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν Γεωργίου-Γενναδίου Σχολαρίου καὶ Μάρκου Εὐγενικοῦ, οἱ ὁποῖοι πρωταγωνίσθησαν κατὰ τὴν πρὸς ἐξέταση περίοδο.Τὸ πρῶτο σημαντικὸ γεγονὸς ποὺ περιγράφεται καὶ ἀναλύεται εἶναι τὸ ταξίδι τῆς ἐπιστροφῆς τῶν Βυζαντινῶν, διότι ἐκεῖ παρουσιάζονται οἱ ἀντιδράσεις τῶν ὀρθοδόξων κατοίκων, ποὺ τελοῦσαν ὑπὸ λατινικὴ κυριαρχία, καὶ οἱ ὁποῖες ἐξεφράσθησαν κατὰ τὴν διέλευση καὶ στάθμευση τῆς ἑλληνικῆς ἀντιπροσωπείας γιὰ ἀνεφοδιασμὸ καὶ ἀνάπαυση ἀπὸ τὰ συγκεκριμένα μέρη.Ἰδιαίτερη ἔμφαση κατόπιν δίδεται στὴν ἄφιξη τῆς ἀντιπροσωπείας στὴν Κωνσταντινούπολη, ὅπου ἐκεῖ ἀναφερόμαστε σὲ ὅλες τὶς ἀντιδράσεις τῶν κατοίκων τῆς Πόλεως, κληρικῶν καὶ λαϊκῶν, ἀρχόντων καὶ ἀστῶν, ποὺ εἶχαν ὁμολογουμένως μεγάλη σημασία γιὰ τὴν τήρηση τοῦ ὅρου ὑπογραφῆς τῆς ἑνώσεως.Ἡ ἐκλογὴ καὶ ἀνάρρηση νέου πατριάρχου στὸν χηρεύοντα πατριαρχικὸ θρόνο εἶναι ἕνα ἀπὸ τὰ θέματα ποὺ διαπραγματεύεται ἡ διατριβή, ἀλλὰ περισσότερο δίδεται ἔμφαση στὴν σύνοδο τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων τοῦ 1443, ἡ ὁποία μέχρι τώρα δὲν εἶχε τύχει τῆς δεούσης προσοχῆς καὶ μελέτης καὶ μάλιστα εἶχε ἐπιχειρηθεῖ ἡ παρερμηνεία της.Ἡ διατριβὴ ἐξετάζει κατόπιν τὰ ἰδιαιτέρως σημαντικὰ γεγονότα τοῦ ἔτους 1445, δηλαδὴ τὴν ἀνάρρηση νέου πατριάρχου στὸν πατριαρχικὸ θρόνο, τοῦ Γρηγορίου Γ΄ Μαμμῆ, μετὰ τὸν θάνατο τοῦ Μητροφάνους Β΄, καὶ τὶς δεκαπέντε θεολογικὲς συνεδριάσεις ποὺ διεξήχθησαν στὸ ἀνάκτορο τοῦ Ξυλαλᾶ, ἐνῶ προχωρεῖ καὶ στὴν ἐξιστόρηση τῶν γεγονότων τοῦ ἔτους 1450. Συγκεκριμένα πρῶτον στὴν μοναχικὴ κουρὰ τοῦ Γεωργίου-Γενναδίου Σχολαρίου, ἀλλά, κυρίως, ἀφιερώνει μέγα μέρος στὴν ψευδῆ σύνοδο τοῦ 1450, τὴν ὁποία θεωροῦμε ὅτι γιὰ πρώτη φορὰ θέτουμε στὶς σωστές της διαστάσεις καὶ τὴν παρουσιάζουμε ὅπως πραγματικὰ δὲν συνέβη ποτέ.Τὸ ἔτος 1451 ἔχουμε τὴν ἑκούσια ἀναχώρηση τοῦ πατριάρχου Γρη-γορίου Γ΄ καὶ τὴν καταφυγή του στὴν Ρώμη.Ἡ ἑνωτικὴ Λειτουργία τῆς 12ης Δεκεμβρίου τοῦ 1452 εἶναι ἕνα ἀπὸ τὰ θέματα ποὺ ἀπασχολεῖ τὴν διατριβὴ καί, βεβαίως, δὲν θὰ μποροῦσε νὰ λείψει ἡ ἀναφορὰ στὶς κοινωνικοπολιτικὲς συνέπειες ποὺ ἐπέφερε ἡ ἅλωση τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως τὸ 1453 καὶ στὴν ὁποία σημαίνοντα ρόλο διαδραμάτισε ἡ ἕνωση τοῦ 1439.Τέλος ἡ διατριβὴ ἀναφέρεται ἐκτενέστατα καὶ ἀναλυτικώτατα στὴν Πανορθόδοξη σύνοδο τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως (1483-1484), ἡ ὁποία ἀκύρωσε τὸν φλωρεντινὸ ὅρο ἑνώσεως.Ἐπιλέγοντας, σύντομη ἀναφορὰ γίνεται στὶς ἀντιδράσεις ποὺ προκλήθηκαν ἀπὸ τὴν ἐπίσημη κατάργηση τῆς ἑνώσεως ἐκ μέρους τῆς δυτικῆς ἐκκλησίας.
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Περίληψη σε άλλη γλώσσα
The signing of the union by the Ferrara-Florence Council took place on the 5th of July 1439, and was signed by the clerics of both the Eastern and Western Churches as well as by the emperor John VIII. It set into motion many and particularly important events that affected the life and progress of both the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West in the historical, social and ecclesiastic areas. The subject of this thesis is the description, study and evaluation of these important events that commenced immediately after the signing of the union, extending to the convocation of the Panorthodox council of Constantinople (1483-1484), during which the Orthodox Church formally repealed the union. These events are examined by primarily relying on the relative entirexisting documentation of the time as the main sources, which are critically reviewed from a philological, historical and partly theological point of view. With an equally critical eye I study the subsequent international bibliography on ...
The signing of the union by the Ferrara-Florence Council took place on the 5th of July 1439, and was signed by the clerics of both the Eastern and Western Churches as well as by the emperor John VIII. It set into motion many and particularly important events that affected the life and progress of both the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West in the historical, social and ecclesiastic areas. The subject of this thesis is the description, study and evaluation of these important events that commenced immediately after the signing of the union, extending to the convocation of the Panorthodox council of Constantinople (1483-1484), during which the Orthodox Church formally repealed the union. These events are examined by primarily relying on the relative entirexisting documentation of the time as the main sources, which are critically reviewed from a philological, historical and partly theological point of view. With an equally critical eye I study the subsequent international bibliography on the subject aiming at the restitution of the historical truth by shedding more light on obscure points and the proper approach towards the ecclesiastical and political leaders such as John VIII Palaiologos and Constantine XI, as well as George- Gennadius Scholarius and Marc Eugenicus, who played a leading role during the period under consideration.The first important circumstance that is described and analyzed is the return voyage of the Byzantine delegation, because there we find many of the reactions of the orthodox people, who lived under the Latin dominion, which were expressed during the passing and stopping of the Greek delegation in need of replenishing their supplies store and finding rest in those specific places.Special emphasis is placed on the arrival of the delegation in Con-stantinople, where I present all the reactions of the citizens, both laymen and men of the cloth, lords and simple people, which played a very important role concerning the legalization of the union.The accession to the throne of a new patriarch in Constantinople is one of the subjects discussed in this thesis but the emphasis falls on the Jerusalem council in 1443, which until now had not been adequately studied. While there had been efforts to misinterpret it. This thesis also studies the important happenings during 1445, such as the enthronement of Gregory III Mamis on the Constantinople See after the death of Metrophanes II, and the fifteen theological meetings that took place at Xylalas palace. Then it goes on to discuss the events that took place during 1450. Specifically, George-Gennadius Scholarius’ taking his vows and becoming a monk and mainly, the false synod of 1450, which – in my opinion – is for the first time presented in its proper dimension as it actually never happened.In 1451 we have the voluntary departure of patriarch Gregory III and him taking refuge in Rome.Further, the unionist mass on the 12th of December 1452 is also dis-cussed in this work, together with the sociopolitical results of the fall of Constantinople in 1453, and the important role the 1439 union played in it.Finally, this thesis mentions in great detail and analysis the Panorthodox council of Constantinople which nullified the Florentine union.I briefly and conclusively mention the reactions of the Latin Church provoked by the formal revocation of the union.
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