Introduction: To date, ketamine has been extensively studied, clinically and in laboratory setting, to determine both its mechanism of action and its most appropriate field in clinical practice. The main pharmacological action of ketamine is due to its antagonistic effect on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, resulting in analgesic and anesthetic effects. Research has revealed the key role of NMDA receptors in the mechanism of pain. The hippocampus, which is considered the center of memory in the central nervous system (CNS), is particularly sensitive to neurotoxic drugs. Also, the hippocampus is the area of the brain that has been studied more than any other regarding the key role of NMDA receptors in synaptic plasticity, memory and learning.Purpose of the study: Management of patients with neuropathic pain presents many difficulties and their effective treatment is a challenge in clinical practice. The purpose of this dissertation is on one hand to study the efficacy of admin ...
Introduction: To date, ketamine has been extensively studied, clinically and in laboratory setting, to determine both its mechanism of action and its most appropriate field in clinical practice. The main pharmacological action of ketamine is due to its antagonistic effect on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, resulting in analgesic and anesthetic effects. Research has revealed the key role of NMDA receptors in the mechanism of pain. The hippocampus, which is considered the center of memory in the central nervous system (CNS), is particularly sensitive to neurotoxic drugs. Also, the hippocampus is the area of the brain that has been studied more than any other regarding the key role of NMDA receptors in synaptic plasticity, memory and learning.Purpose of the study: Management of patients with neuropathic pain presents many difficulss="tabbertab">
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Introduction: To date, ketamine has been extensively studied, clinically and in laboratory setting, to determine both its mechanism of action and its most appropriate field in clinical practice. The main pharmacological action of ketamine is due to its antagonistic effect on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, resulting in analgesic and anesthetic effects. Research has revealed the key role of NMDA receptors in the mechanism of pain. The hippocampus, which is considered the center of memory in the central nervous system (CNS), is particularly sensitive to neurotoxic drugs. Also, the hippocampus is the area of the brain that has been studied more than any other regarding the key role of NMDA receptors in synaptic plasticity, memory and learning.Purpose of the study: Management of patients with neuropathic pain presents many difficulties and their effective treatment is a challenge in clinical practice. The purpose of this dissertation is on one hand to study the efficacy of admin ...
Introduction: To date, ketamine has been extensively studied, clinically and in laboratory setting, to determine both its mechanism of action and its most appropriate field in clinical practice. The main pharmacological action of ketamine is due to its antagonistic effect on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, resulting in analgesic and anesthetic effects. Research has revealed the key role of NMDA receptors in the mechanism of pain. The hippocampus, which is considered the center of memory in the central nervous system (CNS), is particularly sensitive to neurotoxic drugs. Also, the hippocampus is the area of the brain that has been studied more than any other regarding the key role of NMDA receptors in synaptic plasticity, memory and learning.Purpose of the study: Management of patients with neuropathic pain presents many difficulties and their effective treatment is a challenge in clinical practice. The purpose of this dissertation is on one hand to study the efficacy of administration of sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine in the reduction of neuropathic pain and on the other hand to contribute to the elucidation of the adverse events caused - mainly at the hippocampus function and by extension in the memory processes – after chronic use of ketamine analgesic doses. Given the correlation that appears to exist between diabetic neuropathy and chronic neuropathic pain, the study of all of the above was based on experimental protocols applied also to diabetic groups of rats.Material-Methods: 56 rats (Wistar), aged 10-12 weeks and weighted 250 to 320 grams were used to perform the experiment. In the first phase (Phase A), tests were conducted to determine whether the administration of ketamine to normal and diabetic rats after induction of neuropathic pain has an analgesic effect. Peripheral neuropathic pain induction was conducted by the sciatic nerve crush. The rats were initially divided into 2 equal groups. The control group (N/S 0.9%) and the experimental group (ketamine 5mg/kg). Following that the rats were randomly divided into four subgroups consisted of normal (n=7), diabetic (n=7), normal who underwent a sciatic nerve crush surgery (n=7) and diabetic who underwent a sciatic nerve crush surgery (n=7). All rats were subjected to Von Frey test for mechanical allodynia and Hot Plate test for thermal hyperalgesia. The second phase of the experiment (Phase B) followed exploring the effect of chronic administration of ketamine on rat memory through the Novel Object Recognition Task.Results: In the test of mechanical allodynia (Von Frey test) there was no statistically significant difference between normal, normal/crush and diabetic/crush rats when compared with the respective ketamine-treated groups. A statistically significant difference in the reaction time of normal mice, crush mice and crush/diabetic mice versus normal mice, crush mice and crush/diabetic mice treated with ketamine was observed during the thermal analgesia (Plantar test). In the memory test (Novel Object Recognition Test) and more specifically in the C phase (short-term memory test), normal mice that have received ketamine exhibited higher value than normal mice. In groups of diabetic mice, crush mice and crush/diabetic mice versus the respective ketamine-treated groups there was no statistically significant differences between them at any stage of the test.Conclusions: Based on the results, mechanical allodynia is not effectively treated with the administration of ketamine. The only statistically significant difference found was for ketamine-treated diabetic rats requiring significantly higher pressure values exerted during the Von Frey test in order to manifest withdrawal reaction. Ketamine may be a potent drug choice in case of patients with chronic neuropathic pain without however significantly favoring its choice over the other options used in everyday clinical practice. After ketamine administration, normal, normal/crush and crush/diabetic rats exhibited longer response times (to a statistically significant extent) in the thermal hyperalgesia test. Regarding the novel object recognition test, there were no statistically significant differences between the rats receiving ketamine and those who did not.
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