Abstract
IntroductionCongenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract account for almost 0,5% of all pregnancies and are the most often cause of chronic kidney disease in infants and young children. About 30-40% of children with chronic renal disease or end stage renal disease have congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract. One of the most frequent is vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR), which is often accompanied by renal hypodysplasia (VUR-RHD). To date, the heritability and the pathogenesis of these anomalies has not been established. ROBO2 gene is involved during nephrogenesis at the early stage of the ureteric bud induction. However, in the literature it is not clear if the gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of VUR.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to evaluate the presence of sequence variations in the ROBO2 gene in children with VUR and VUR-RHD. In silico evaluation was also performed for factors that can epigenetically affect the gene’s expression.Materials and MethodsA total ...
IntroductionCongenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract account for almost 0,5% of all pregnancies and are the most often cause of chronic kidney disease in infants and young children. About 30-40% of children with chronic renal disease or end stage renal disease have congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract. One of the most frequent is vesico-ureteric reflux (VUR), which is often accompanied by renal hypodysplasia (VUR-RHD). To date, the heritability and the pathogenesis of these anomalies has not been established. ROBO2 gene is involved during nephrogenesis at the early stage of the ureteric bud induction. However, in the literature it is not clear if the gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of VUR.ObjectivesThe aim of the present study is to evaluate the presence of sequence variations in the ROBO2 gene in children with VUR and VUR-RHD. In silico evaluation was also performed for factors that can epigenetically affect the gene’s expression.Materials and MethodsA total of 103 pediatric patients were studied: 65 with VUR (10 familial VUR) and 38 with VUR-RHD. A control group of 200 healthy children, age and sex matched with the patients were also screened.The gene screening was performed by single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) or multiple restriction fragment (MRF)-SSCP electrophoresis, in two different running conditions. Subsequently the samples with variations were characterized by direct DNA sequencing. The control group was screened using restriction enzymes or MRF-SSCP. Statistical analysis (chi-square test) was carried out as well as in silico analysis for the nucleotide changes that were found (ESEfinder and SplicePort). In silico analysis was also performed regarding the content of the gene in CpG islands (EMBOSS CpGPlot), the homology with miRNAs (miRBase) and the content in transposable elements (UCSC Genome Bioinformatics, RepeatMasker).Results The Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) IVS1-53G>A (rs9874095) and IVS5-31A>G (rs76571990) were found. Statistical analysis for IVS1-53G>A showed a significance difference toward the control group and in silico analysis showed that the SNP does not affect mRNA splicing. The second SNP, IVS1-53G>A, is reported for the first time, even though it is already recorded, and was detected only in one of the patients. In silico results demonstrated an alteration in two SR proteins’ binding (ESEfinder) and two additional acceptor sites (SplicePort), exhibiting a high possibility for the splice site to be affected. The gene has eight CpG islands >200 nucleotides long. The sequence of the gene displays homology with 17 mature miRNAs and 60 pre-miRNAs. Higher score and e-value<0,1 had 3 mature miRNAs and 25 pre-miRNAs. The alignment with the mature miRNAs has a difference from 1-3 bases, whereas with the pre-miRNAs >10 bases. Also the sequence of the gene has a content of 25,9% in transposable elements, including DNA transposons (4,55%), although the last do not participle in any biological procedure, until today. ConclusionsThe results so far indicate that mutations in ROBO2 are not a major cause of VUR and VUR-RHD in our studied patients, reinforcing the findings for genetic heterogeneity of these anomalies. Even though the gene’s implication in the presence of VUR has been reported before, in this study it could not be confirmed, underlining the fact that VUR and VUR-RHD are multifactorial disorders. Besides the changes in the nucleotide sequence, gene expression can be affected epigenetically from factors like methylation, through CpG islands, miRNAs or transposable elements. According to the results of the present study, the ROBO2 gene could be affected by these factors as (1) it contains eight CpG islands, (2) it has homology with 3 mature miRNAs with high affinity and 25 pre-miRNAs with less and (3) the 21.35% of its sequence are transposable elements. These factors can reduce the gene expression or even silence it, resulting in the pathogenesis of the anomalies studied, even though the gene’s sequence is not altered. In total, the study of congenital anomalies of kidney and urinary tract in human is extremely difficult and their research should focus in more complete models, with cell lines or with tissue from biopsies whenever it is possible.
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