Τυπολογία της κατοικίας της ρωμαϊκής περιόδου στην Ανατολική Μεσόγειο
Περίληψη
Η διατριβή επικεντρώθηκε στην εξέταση της τυπολογίας των κατοικιών της ρωμαϊκής και της παλαιοχριστιανικής περιόδου με συνεχείς συγκρίσεις και αναφορές στα παραδείγματα της Μικρός Ασίας, Συρίας, Παλαιστίνης και Ιορδανίας. Το ενδιαφέρον του θέματος και η πρωτοτυπία του έγκειται στο ότι τα μνημεία της εξεταζόμενης εποχής, προϊόντα συνήθως αναγκαστικών ανασκαφών, αν και είναι αρκετά στην Ελλάδα, ουδέποτε εξετάστηκαν ως σύνολο και ουδέποτε συγκρίθηκαν με άλλα. Παρέμενε λοιπόν η ρωμαϊκή και υστερορωμαϊκή κατοικία στο περιθώριο της Ιστορίας της Αρχιτεκτονικής και οι σχετικές πληροφορίες ελάνθαναν ανεκμετάλλευτες σε διάφορα αρχαιολογικά περιοδικά και λίγα βιβλία. Τα ερείπια των αναγκαστικών ανασκαφών δεν δίνουν συνήθως την ολοκληρωμένη κάτοψη ενός κτιρίου και οι δημοσιεύσεις είναι πολλές φορές συνοπτικές χωρίς σαφή σχέδια και με ελλιπή ερμηνεία των ευρημάτων ενώ το θέμα των λίγων βιβλίων επικεντρώνεται κυρίως στα ψηφιδωτά δάπεδα. Η διατριβή περιλαμβάνει δύο μέρη. Στο πρώτο γίνεται μία συστημα ...
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![]() | that the monuments of the studied period are usually products of compulsory excavations. Although these are several in Greece, they are neither examined as a whole nor compared with others. For that reason, the Roman and Late Roman houses remained at the margin of the history of architecture and the related information were lying unexploited in different archaeological periodicals and in a small number of books. The remains of the compulsory excavations did not usually give the whole plan of a building and on the other hand the publications are frequently brief without clear sketches and with insufficient interpretation of the finds while the topic of the few books is concentrated mostly on the mosaic floors. The ...
The thesis is focused on the examination of the typology of the Roman and Early Christian period houses in Greece with continuous comparisons and relations of examples in Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine and Jordan. The interest of this subject and its originality lies on the fact that the monuments of the studied period are usually products of compulsory excavations. Although these are several in Greece, they are neither examined as a whole nor compared with others. For that reason, the Roman and Late Roman houses remained at the margin of the history of architecture and the related information were lying unexploited in different archaeological periodicals and in a small number of books. The remains of the compulsory excavations did not usually give the whole plan of a building and on the other hand the publications are frequently brief without clear sketches and with insufficient interpretation of the finds while the topic of the few books is concentrated mostly on the mosaic floors. The thesis comprises of two main chapters. In the first chapter, a systematic inventory was drawn up of the Roman and Early Christian houses of the country through bibliography and at the same time an attempt was made to clarify the character of the areas that formed each house with critical remarks on the existing publications, suggestions and new interpretations of complexes. This methodical collection all the accessible bibliographical information for the Greek houses makes this first part useful and with enough original elements. The second chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the different parts of the house and their function, such as the main entrance with its antechamber and the central court, which was in most cases a peristyle garden with trees, plants, water installations and stoas with mosaic floors. In other cases, the central court can be a small peristyle of tetrastyle type or a simple court without columns. The triclinium was the most important room of the house and could be differentiated from the other kinds of rooms by its size, architectural form and mosaic floor. Two types of triclinia can be distinguished: the rectangular hall triclinium, where dining took place according to the typical Roman way or with a stibadium-sigma table, and the apsed hall triclinium where dining was carried out in the last mentioned way. Other kind of rooms were the private baths, nymphaea and household shrines. Finally, conclusions are drawn concerning the typology. The houses were classified according to the social status of the owner to poor, clergy and rich houses. The large number of rich houses (villas) shows a wide range of differentiation in the scale, position and plan of the house. The houses were of middle, large or very large scale while, concerning the position, most of the houses represent a civic phenomenon. They were found in the towns or at the outskirts as, for example, in Athens, Thessaloniki and Corinth. In contrast with the rustic villas, the number of the urban villas is enormous. This indicates that the aristocracy lived in the cities, even though enough rich houses were built outside the city walls but in the immediate surroundings aiming to have some spaciousness. Concerning the plan, the usual way of classifying the houses is according to the position of the main entrance antechamber in relation with the peristyle central court and the triclinium. There are three types of plans: the axial, the parallel and the vertical plan. This kind of typology is not as easy to apply as it may seem. Because of that, another kind of typology was used in this thesis according to the central court. The central court was the main element of the plan and differs in form and number from one house to another. The peristyle house was the most popular and there are houses with three, two or just one court. The most peristyle houses in Greece and in the Eastern Mediterranean are dated between the 4th and 5th century AD. The last known example in Greece is dated to 550 AD while in Jordan two houses were of the late 7th and 8th centuries AD. The houses with peristyle court of the tetrastyle type are dated within the above mentioned period in all the eastern Mediterranean. There are houses with only one simple court (2nd - 6th century AD) and others with more than one court, each belonging to one of the above mentioned types. The most important thing is to know how the house works. A zone for the public was distinguished inside, consisting of the main entrance antechamber, the peristyle and the reception rooms such as the triclinia. The way of arranging these public areas clarifies the general form of the house with the central peristyle court playing the essential role in directing the circulation within the house while around it the different kinds of rooms are arranged, each with a separate entrance from the stoa. Another type of house appeared from the beginning of the 6th century AD. In this type, rooms were arranged symmetrically around two central areas, the front one of which is a court with a limited number of columns (reduced type of peristyle). This type is probably not of Hellenistic origin as it was claimed by the excavators, because the same arrangement of rooms was noted in other houses as well without the use of columns. Likewise, this arrangement was noticed in the apsed unit triclinia in the peristyle houses and it probably developed through time into the main part of the house, effective enough to form the public and private sections of the house. In this type the two central areas played the role of directing the circulation of the house. Therefore, it seems that from the beginning of the Christian period the Roman way of life was abandoned gradually because of several social, economic and religious influences and the peristyle house was replaced byother new forms of houses.
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